1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .
2. This Regulation shall apply from 21 April 2018, with the exception of:
(a) Articles 20 to 36 and Article 44, which shall apply from 21 October 2016;
(b) Article 45(1), which shall apply from 21 March 2018.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.